RoboJackets Wiki - User contributions [en]

Materials Database

2022-12-29T02:02:48Z

Mchen436: /* Steels */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, dense, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===
Unlike abrasion-resistant or carbon steels, tool steels are specialized grades of steel used primarily for tool production and cutting bits.
Added alloying elements such as Cr, V, Co, W, or Mo are added to greatly increase the strength and wear resistance of the steel, but tool steels tend to be more expensive than standard carbon steels.
====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI Alloy Steels===
(description here)
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine
*More expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*Known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive, more so than most steels and aluminum alloys
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
Plastics and other polymerized materials are significantly less dense than metals, and are generally more machinable or formable.

===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Polycarbonate===

===Carbon Fiber===

===Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)===

===Polylactide Plastic (PLA)===

===Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AR400 Steel:
**source

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels

*AISI 4140 Steel:
**source

*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 5052-H32:
**source

*Al 2024-T6:
**source

*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

*UHMW:
**source

*HDPE:
**source

*Polycarbonate:
**source

*Carbon Fiber:
**source

*ABS:
**source

*PLA:
**source

*TPU:
**source

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own Charpy impact tests

*The Plastics and Polymers section does not distinguish the material property differences between machined stock pieces and extruded 3D prints. Because of the layer-by-layer extrusion of 3D printers, it is vital to note that the material strength is directionally dependent, and depends on the infill style and percentage infill.

Materials Database

2022-12-29T02:01:48Z

Mchen436: /* Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, dense, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===
Unlike abrasion-resistant or carbon steels, tool steels are specialized grades of steel used primarily for tool production and cutting bits.
Added alloying elements such as Cr, V, Co, W, or Mo are added to greatly increase the strength and wear resistance of the steel, but tool steels tend to be more expensive than standard carbon steels.
====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine
*More expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*Known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive, more so than most steels and aluminum alloys
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
Plastics and other polymerized materials are significantly less dense than metals, and are generally more machinable or formable.

===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Polycarbonate===

===Carbon Fiber===

===Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)===

===Polylactide Plastic (PLA)===

===Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AR400 Steel:
**source

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels

*AISI 4140 Steel:
**source

*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 5052-H32:
**source

*Al 2024-T6:
**source

*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

*UHMW:
**source

*HDPE:
**source

*Polycarbonate:
**source

*Carbon Fiber:
**source

*ABS:
**source

*PLA:
**source

*TPU:
**source

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own Charpy impact tests

*The Plastics and Polymers section does not distinguish the material property differences between machined stock pieces and extruded 3D prints. Because of the layer-by-layer extrusion of 3D printers, it is vital to note that the material strength is directionally dependent, and depends on the infill style and percentage infill.

Materials Database

2022-12-29T02:00:54Z

Mchen436: /* Aluminum 7075-T6 */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, dense, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===
Unlike abrasion-resistant or carbon steels, tool steels are specialized grades of steel used primarily for tool production and cutting bits.
Added alloying elements such as Cr, V, Co, W, or Mo are added to greatly increase the strength and wear resistance of the steel, but tool steels tend to be more expensive than standard carbon steels.
====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine
*More expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
Plastics and other polymerized materials are significantly less dense than metals, and are generally more machinable or formable.

===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Polycarbonate===

===Carbon Fiber===

===Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)===

===Polylactide Plastic (PLA)===

===Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AR400 Steel:
**source

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels

*AISI 4140 Steel:
**source

*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 5052-H32:
**source

*Al 2024-T6:
**source

*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

*UHMW:
**source

*HDPE:
**source

*Polycarbonate:
**source

*Carbon Fiber:
**source

*ABS:
**source

*PLA:
**source

*TPU:
**source

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own Charpy impact tests

*The Plastics and Polymers section does not distinguish the material property differences between machined stock pieces and extruded 3D prints. Because of the layer-by-layer extrusion of 3D printers, it is vital to note that the material strength is directionally dependent, and depends on the infill style and percentage infill.

Materials Database

2022-12-29T01:58:47Z

Mchen436: /* Tool Steel */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, dense, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===
Unlike abrasion-resistant or carbon steels, tool steels are specialized grades of steel used primarily for tool production and cutting bits.
Added alloying elements such as Cr, V, Co, W, or Mo are added to greatly increase the strength and wear resistance of the steel, but tool steels tend to be more expensive than standard carbon steels.
====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
Plastics and other polymerized materials are significantly less dense than metals, and are generally more machinable or formable.

===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Polycarbonate===

===Carbon Fiber===

===Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)===

===Polylactide Plastic (PLA)===

===Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AR400 Steel:
**source

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels

*AISI 4140 Steel:
**source

*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 5052-H32:
**source

*Al 2024-T6:
**source

*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

*UHMW:
**source

*HDPE:
**source

*Polycarbonate:
**source

*Carbon Fiber:
**source

*ABS:
**source

*PLA:
**source

*TPU:
**source

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own Charpy impact tests

*The Plastics and Polymers section does not distinguish the material property differences between machined stock pieces and extruded 3D prints. Because of the layer-by-layer extrusion of 3D printers, it is vital to note that the material strength is directionally dependent, and depends on the infill style and percentage infill.

Materials Database

2022-12-29T01:57:55Z

Mchen436: /* Tool Steel */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, dense, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===
Unlike Abrasion Resistant or Carbon Steels, Tool Steels are specialized grades of steel used primarily for tool production (cutting bits, dies, etc.)
Added alloying elements such as Cr, V, Co, W, or Mo are added to greatly increase the strength and wear resistance of the steel, but tool steels tend to be more expensive than standard carbon steels.
====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
Plastics and other polymerized materials are significantly less dense than metals, and are generally more machinable or formable.

===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Polycarbonate===

===Carbon Fiber===

===Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)===

===Polylactide Plastic (PLA)===

===Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AR400 Steel:
**source

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels

*AISI 4140 Steel:
**source

*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 5052-H32:
**source

*Al 2024-T6:
**source

*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

*UHMW:
**source

*HDPE:
**source

*Polycarbonate:
**source

*Carbon Fiber:
**source

*ABS:
**source

*PLA:
**source

*TPU:
**source

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own Charpy impact tests

*The Plastics and Polymers section does not distinguish the material property differences between machined stock pieces and extruded 3D prints. Because of the layer-by-layer extrusion of 3D printers, it is vital to note that the material strength is directionally dependent, and depends on the infill style and percentage infill.

Materials Database

2022-12-29T01:24:34Z

Mchen436: /* Plastics and Polymers */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, dense, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===

====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
Plastics and other polymerized materials are significantly less dense than metals, and are generally more machinable or formable.

===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Polycarbonate===

===Carbon Fiber===

===Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)===

===Polylactide Plastic (PLA)===

===Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AR400 Steel:
**source

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels

*AISI 4140 Steel:
**source

*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 5052-H32:
**source

*Al 2024-T6:
**source

*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

*UHMW:
**source

*HDPE:
**source

*Polycarbonate:
**source

*Carbon Fiber:
**source

*ABS:
**source

*PLA:
**source

*TPU:
**source

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own Charpy impact tests

*The Plastics and Polymers section does not distinguish the material property differences between machined stock pieces and extruded 3D prints. Because of the layer-by-layer extrusion of 3D printers, it is vital to note that the material strength is directionally dependent, and depends on the infill style and percentage infill.

Materials Database

2022-12-29T01:17:25Z

Mchen436: /* Sources */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, dense, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===

====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
Plastics and other polymerized materials are significantly less dense than metals, and are generally more machinable or formable.

===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Carbon Fiber===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AR400 Steel:
**source

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels

*AISI 4140 Steel:
**source

*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 5052-H32:
**source

*Al 2024-T6:
**source

*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

*UHMW:
**source

*HDPE:
**source

*Polycarbonate:
**source

*Carbon Fiber:
**source

*ABS:
**source

*PLA:
**source

*TPU:
**source

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own Charpy impact tests

*The Plastics and Polymers section does not distinguish the material property differences between machined stock pieces and extruded 3D prints. Because of the layer-by-layer extrusion of 3D printers, it is vital to note that the material strength is directionally dependent, and depends on the infill style and percentage infill.

Materials Database

2022-12-29T01:15:51Z

Mchen436: /* Sources */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, dense, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===

====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
Plastics and other polymerized materials are significantly less dense than metals, and are generally more machinable or formable.

===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Carbon Fiber===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AR400 Steel:
**source

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels

*AISI 4110 Steel:
**source

*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 5052-H32:
**source

*Al 2026-T6:
**source

*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own Charpy impact tests

*The Plastics and Polymers section does not distinguish the material property differences between machined stock pieces and extruded 3D prints. Because of the layer-by-layer extrusion of 3D printers, it is vital to note that the material strength is directionally dependent, and depends on the infill style and percentage infill.

Materials Database

2022-12-29T01:13:43Z

Mchen436: /* Notes */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, dense, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===

====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
Plastics and other polymerized materials are significantly less dense than metals, and are generally more machinable or formable.

===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Carbon Fiber===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels
*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2
*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own Charpy impact tests

*The Plastics and Polymers section does not distinguish the material property differences between machined stock pieces and extruded 3D prints. Because of the layer-by-layer extrusion of 3D printers, it is vital to note that the material strength is directionally dependent, and depends on the infill style and percentage infill.

Materials Database

2022-12-29T01:09:26Z

Mchen436: /* Plastics and Polymers */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, dense, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===

====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
Plastics and other polymerized materials are significantly less dense than metals, and are generally more machinable or formable.

===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Carbon Fiber===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels
*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2
*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own charpy impact tests

Materials Database

2022-12-29T01:02:32Z

Mchen436: /* Steels */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, dense, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===

====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Carbon Fiber===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels
*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2
*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own charpy impact tests

Materials Database

2022-12-29T01:00:24Z

Mchen436: /* Steels */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== Abrasion-Resistant (AR) Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.
==== AR500 Steel ====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

====AR400 Steel====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===

====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Carbon Fiber===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels
*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2
*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own charpy impact tests

Materials Database

2022-12-29T00:59:39Z

Mchen436: /* S7 Tool Steel */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== AR500 Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.

{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

===AR400 Steel===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===Tool Steel===

====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Carbon Fiber===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels
*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2
*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own charpy impact tests

Materials Database

2022-12-29T00:59:22Z

Mchen436: /* Steels */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== AR500 Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.

{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

===AR400 Steel===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===S7 Tool Steel===
====S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Carbon Fiber===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels
*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2
*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own charpy impact tests

Materials Database

2022-12-29T00:57:50Z

Mchen436: /* Aluminum Alloys */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== AR500 Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.

{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

===AR400 Steel===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===S7 Tool Steel===
===S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

=== Aluminum 5052-H32 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

===Aluminum 2024-T6===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| BXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| XX%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| XX%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Carbon Fiber===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels
*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2
*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own charpy impact tests

Materials Database

2022-12-29T00:55:14Z

Mchen436: /* AR500 Steel */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== AR500 Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon hardened alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.

{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

===AR400 Steel===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===S7 Tool Steel===
===S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

===Aluminum 2024-T6===

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Carbon Fiber===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels
*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2
*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own charpy impact tests

Materials Database

2022-12-29T00:48:49Z

Mchen436: /* Steels */

[[File:Duck.png|right|thumb|600px|Subzero's Materials (250lber)]]
This is a brief database of useful properties for commonly used materials within battlebots as well as some background information and peoples' experience working with them. Some material properties have not been included but feel free to add anything important. Material properties usually vary slightly for a given material from vendor to vendor so in the majority of cases, trust specs given by the manufacturer or supplier over the specs in this database when they are given. In addition, some of these material properties can vary slightly depending on the data source and also other details such as heat treatment and the kind of sample the material data was acquired from.
== Steels ==
Steels are strong, iron-carbon alloys which come in a variety of material compositions and treatment standards. A variety of major and minor alloying elements are added to improve certain material properties, including strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, or machinability. When selecting a grade of steel to use for your robot, consider how the material properties of the steel address the design requirements. Listed below are some more common grades of steel:

=== AR500 Steel ===
"AR" Steel, or "Abrasion Resistant" Steel is a high-strength, low carbon alloy designed to resist wear and stress. The "grade" of the abrasion-resistant steel correlates to the Brinell hardness rating.

{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.29 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 225 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 200 ksi
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 450 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C47-48
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 12%
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 24.4J
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, MakeItRingTargets, Alro Steel, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*High strength, high hardness, abrasion resistant steel used in body armor and shooting targets
*Generally considered to be tougher than S7 tool steel but has lower hardness
*Hardened steel is very difficult to machine, is typically only used for Waterjet parts
*No further heat treatment needed
*Typically used for weapons and wedges due to it's high strength, toughness, and relatively high hardness
*Used more commonly as armor in higher weight classes
*Anecdotal experience from builders says that AR500 typically bends before it fractures
*Will rust over time when wet or exposed to air

===AR400 Steel===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

===S7 Tool Steel===
===S7 Tool Steel (at 54 HRC)===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 30,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.282 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 284.9 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 220.4 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 50.0 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 9.42 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| 16.3 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 543 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C54
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.5%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, OnlineMetals
|-
|}
*Shock resisting tool steel that has high strength and high impact toughness
*Usually used in weapons but has been used by some NHRL builders for shafts but with hardnesses much lower than 54 HRC
*Is machined in its annealed form and then heat treated, quenched, and tempered to exactly 54 HRC which is a value recommended by the Riobotz Combot Tutorial pg 59-60.
*Ray Billings, builder of Tombstone, also endorses exactly 54 HRC for S7
*Anecdotal experience from other builders shows it fails through fracture before bending
*Considered to be less tough than AR500 and is commonly used when the higher hardness (C54 vs C48) is desired like for weapon teeth
*Extra important to avoid sharp internal corners and stress concentrations to prevent cracks from forming

===AISI 4340 Steel ===
====AISI 4340 (43 HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 29,732 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 11900 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.29
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.283 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 210.0 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 194.9 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| 80.1 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 24.38 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~19 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 402 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C43
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~9.6%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

*Ultra high strength steel that is machined in its annealed state and is heat treated by quenching and tempering it to a desired hardness.
*Riobotz's recommended hardness for shafts is 40-43 HRC which will allow it to fail by bending before breaking
*Is often used by some builders for other parts such as beaterbars at higher hardnesses
*Relatively expensive

===AISI 4140 Steel===
====AISI 4140 (-- HRC)====
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Carbon Steel
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| XX
|-
|-
| Density
| XX lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| XX ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| XX ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Riobotz Sample)
| XX ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| XX J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact (V-notch)
| ~XX J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| XXXX HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| CXX
|-
| Elongation at Break
| ~XX%
|-
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster, Online Metals
|-
|}

==Aluminum Alloys==
[[File:AluminumParts.jpg|right|thumb|750px|Aluminum Parts]]
=== Aluminum 6061-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.33
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.0984 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 45 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 39 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 26.4 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 7.88 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 21.7 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 93 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B52
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 10%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 270%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Lightweight aluminum alloy that comes already pre-heat-treated T6 temper which gives it its strength
*Beware of tempers T4 and O which are weaker than 6061-T6
*Typically used for frame rails, plates, pulleys, and armor for some bots
*Tends to fail in bending before fracturing
*Tends to "ablate" and may take gashes when hit directly by weapons
*Easy to machine and relatively cheap

=== Aluminum 7075-T6 ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Aluminum Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 10,000 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 3800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.102 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 81 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 69 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (T-L dir)
| 22.8 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 5.87 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 5.4 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 150 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| B87
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 7.9%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 170%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, Midwest Steel Supply, SendCutSend
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Aerospace grade aluminum alloy which is much stronger and harder than 6061-T6
*Pre-heat-treated to T6 temper
*Past and anecdotal experience notes that it tends to fracture before it bends as it's more brittle than 6061
*Some builders recommend avoiding using it as armor or for parts that take direct hits due to fracture risk
*Relatively easy to machine and is more expensive than 6061-T6

===Aluminum 2024-T6===

==Other Metal Alloys==
=== Grade 5 Titanium (Ti-6Al-4V) ===
{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Type
| Titanium Alloy
|-
| Modulus of Elasticity
| 16510 ksi
|-
|-
| Shear Modulus
| 5800 ksi
|-
|-
| Poisson's Ratio
| 0.32
|-
|-
| Density
| 0.160 lb/in^3
|-
| Ultimate Tensile Strength
| 138-150 ksi
|-
| Tensile Yield Strength
| 128-140 ksi
|-
|-
| Fracture Toughness (Annealed Plate)
| 67.9 ksi-in½
|-
|-
| Calculated Toughness
| 31.5 J/in^2
|-
|-
| Charpy Impact Test (V-notch)
| 17 J
|-
| Brinell Hardness
| 310 HB
|-
| Rockwell Hardness
| C34
|-
| Elongation at Break
| 6.7%
|-
|-
| Machinability (Vs. 1112 Steel)
| 20%
|-
| Familiar Sellers
| McMaster Carr, SendCutSend, TMS Titanium
|-
|}
Material Description:
*Very high strength and high toughness metal alloy
*Denser than aluminum but less dense than steel. May destroy tools if you're not careful
*Typically sold and used in its annealed state for high toughness. No heat treatment needed.
*Typically used for armor, structural plates, sometimes weapons, it's pretty versatile material overall
*known to fail in bending before failing in fracture
*Very expensive
*Very difficult to machine or drill due to work hardening properties
*In some cases, outsourcing to SendCutSend might be financial preferable to buying Ti stock so discuss with your PM

==Plastics and Polymers==
===Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight-Polyethylene (UHMW)===

===High-Density-Polyethylene (HDPE)===

===Carbon Fiber===

== Sources ==
*AR500 Steel:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/ar500/
**Steel Warehouse: https://www.steelwarehouse.com/ar500/
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*S7 Tool Steel:
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial (Pg. 82): https://www.riobotz.com/riobotz-combot-tutorial
**Ansys Granta Edupack (Not 54 HRC but some properties are close enough): https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aNH_X-EIR3ae4Uacl5s5DzcEWLtHAgMG/view?usp=sharing
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*AISI 4340 Steel (43 HRC):
**Riobotz Combot Tutorial
**'The quantitative relationship between fracture toughness and impact toughness in high-strength steels': https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331525402_The_quantitative_relationship_between_fracture_toughness_and_impact_toughness_in_high-strength_steels
*Al 6061-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/6061-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma6061t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3850 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2

*Al 7075-T6:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/7075-aluminum/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=ma7075t6
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/mds/?matId=3970 (Machinability)
**Team Caustic Creations: https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-events/articles/battlebot-episode-2
*Ti-6Al-4V:
**SendCutSend: https://sendcutsend.com/materials/titanium/
**Matweb: https://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=mtp641
**Machining Doctor: https://www.machiningdoctor.com/machinability/titanium/ (Machinability)

== Notes ==
*The charpy impact data provided by Team Caustic Creations was "quick and dirty" and was hard to verify
**They didn't specify how they got the data and where from
**Their value for Ti-6Al-4V was off from the Matweb data page so take it with a grain of salt
**Charpy impact data is pretty hard to find. It might be worth it for RoboJackets to our own charpy impact tests

Singulariti

2022-02-26T01:31:51Z

Mchen436: /* Changes to make */

{| class="wikitable" align="right"
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFFF99" | Singulariti
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" | [[]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Year of Creation
| {{{year|2021-2022}}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFFF99" | Versions
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Current Version
| {{{currver|1.0}}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Update Year
| {{{updyr|2021-2022}}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Wins/Losses
| {{{winloss|3/2}}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFFF99" | Information and Statistics
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Weight Class
| {{{wc|BeetleWeight}}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Weapon Class
| {{{weapc|Vertical Spinner}}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Combined Wins/Losses
| {{{winloss|3/2}}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Weapon Speed
| {{{TBA|~7000 RPM}}}
|}

Singulariti is a 4-wheel drive, high speed egg-beater type Vertical Spinner. The winningest RJ bot of Motorama 2022, and likely the most ambitious Robojackets Beetleweight yet, this bot proved to a lot of people that ambition sometimes leads to really kickass bots.

== Competitions ==

=== [[Motorama_2022|Motorama 2022]] ===

*Results: 3-2
**Bracket Style: Double Elimination
***[(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g2mGLAd96s) Win by KO vs Silent Stopper]
**** Silent Stopper was a wedge bot with four articulated forks as an anti-vertical setup.
**** Our front right drive got stuck and a screw came loose that we got stuck on, but nothing mechanically failed. We knocked them up on their side and Silent Stopper lost by KO.
***[(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LljN9EXkx8U) Loss vs Strong 4]
**** Strong Floor was a shuffler beater-bar.
**** (description of fight)
***[(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPuM2AbcK5U) Win vs Malice]
**** Malice was a super-powered Beater bar
**** We got an incredibly lucky hit on their weapon belt due to outranging them. Singulariti gouged out a large enough hole into the pulley to reach, then cut the belt, disabling their bot.
**** The makeshift HDPE pike-shaped wedglets did a fantastic job of getting underneath their bot without catching on the arena floor.
***[(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p35wCHuqPHM) Loss vs Up Chuck]
**** Top 10 Saddest RJ moment 2022
**** Originally a false start, which led to a reset. A super solid hit was landed that could have disabled Up Chuck, but since we spun up at 1, it was a penalty.
**** Following that, both bots led to a solid hit on each other, but unfortunately the hit on ours tore the wire out of the switch, shutting down all our controls... =(
**Grudge Matches
***[(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnmIEZADxlk) Win vs Insaniti]
**** Insaniti was the other Robojackets beetleweight vertical spinner. Michael gave commentary =P
**** (Description of fight)
**Robojacket Rumble
***[(Video Link)]
**** Camped in a corner so technically it survived. Only suffered hit was a Blasphemi projectile launched at us. Both bots survived but our weapon shaft got very slightly bent.

== Version ==

=== Singulariti V1.0 ===

Created by: Michael Chen (mentor), Joe Baldino, Stephen Britten, Casper Corbin, Kaden Knudsen, Sophia Lin, Patrick Villarreal, Michelle Zhang, Peter Zhang

{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Drive Motors
| Tunigy Aerodrive 2826 Brushless Motors (1 per side) 
|-
| Drive Motor Controllers
| Twisted Hobbies 18A Reversible Brushless ESC
|-
| Weapon Motor
| Propdrive 2826 Brushless Motor
|-
| Weapon Motor Controllers
| Hobbyking 20A Brushless ESC
|-
| Receiver
| OrangeRx R610V2 Lite DSM2 Reciever 
|-
| Remote Control
| Spektrum DX9 Black Edition 
|-
| Battery
| 3s 1000mah battery provided by RoboJackets
|-
|}

==== Design Summary ====

* Weapon
** Vertical spinner - egg beater
* Chasis
** 4WD optimized chassis made of waterjet aluminum
* Drive
** Timing belt driven brushless 4 wheel drive

==== Positives ====

Good weapon power and weapon bite, was able to do damage quickly 
Drive speed is fast 
The steering rate is fast 
The structure did not take damage after all fights 
Wedgelet setup was able to get under the opponents 

==== Issues ====

* Issues with the weapon pulley slipping because the teeth on the pulley stripped due to load and friction
* Several electronic issues with wires breaking from repeated bending
* Ears kept falling off due to adhesive not being strong enough
* Weapon belt detaching after spinup from the weapon pulley

==== Changes to make ====

*Stronger pulleys for drive (nylon) with taller sides and thin heat insert fit 
*Correct belt length for front (56t) (order more belts in general) 
*Higher weapon pulley walls 
*Magnets/magnet holders for steel floors 
*Screws to mount ears 
*Stronger main power wire 
*Top plate correct spacing to prevent holes breaking and make out of nylon 
*Motor cage thicker (flex less) 
*Diagonal battery tray 
*Stick with the long forks 
*Fail safe capable receiver (look at what brand the one we have rn is) 
*Increase 3D printed back armour thickness 
*Integrated ears on inner side plate 

== Gallery ==

== Notes: ==

Naming Inspiration: sounded kinda cool 

Laser engraved logo on the side of our bot
[[Category:BattleBots]] [[Category:BeetleWeights]]

Singulariti

2022-02-26T01:08:15Z

Mchen436: /* Singulariti V1.0 */

{| class="wikitable" align="right"
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFFF99" | Singulariti
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" | [[]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Year of Creation
| {{{year|2021-2022}}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFFF99" | Versions
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Current Version
| {{{currver|1.0}}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Update Year
| {{{updyr|2021-2022}}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Wins/Losses
| {{{winloss|3/2}}}
|-
! scope="row" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFFF99" | Information and Statistics
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Weight Class
| {{{wc|BeetleWeight}}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Weapon Class
| {{{weapc|Vertical Spinner}}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Combined Wins/Losses
| {{{winloss|3/2}}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | Weapon Speed
| {{{TBA|~7000 RPM}}}
|}

Singulariti is a 4-wheel drive, high speed egg-beater type Vertical Spinner. The winningest RJ bot of Motorama 2022, and likely the most ambitious Robojackets Beetleweight yet, this bot proved to a lot of people that ambition sometimes leads to really kickass bots.

== Competitions ==

=== [[Motorama_2022|Motorama 2022]] ===

*Results: 3-2
**Bracket Style: Double Elimination
***[(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7g2mGLAd96s) Win by KO vs Silent Stopper]
**** Silent Stopper was a wedge bot with four articulated forks as an anti-vertical setup.
**** Our front right drive got stuck and a screw came loose that we got stuck on, but nothing mechanically failed. We knocked them up on their side and Silent Stopper lost by KO.
***[(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LljN9EXkx8U) Loss vs Strong 4]
**** Strong Floor was a shuffler beater-bar.
**** (description of fight)
***[(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPuM2AbcK5U) Win vs Malice]
**** Malice was a super-powered Beater bar
**** We got an incredibly lucky hit on their weapon belt due to outranging them. Singulariti gouged out a large enough hole into the pulley to reach, then cut the belt, disabling their bot.
**** The makeshift HDPE pike-shaped wedglets did a fantastic job of getting underneath their bot without catching on the arena floor.
***[(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p35wCHuqPHM) Loss vs Up Chuck]
**** Top 10 Saddest RJ moment 2022
**** Originally a false start, which led to a reset. A super solid hit was landed that could have disabled Up Chuck, but since we spun up at 1, it was a penalty.
**** Following that, both bots led to a solid hit on each other, but unfortunately the hit on ours tore the wire out of the switch, shutting down all our controls... =(
**Grudge Matches
***[(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TnmIEZADxlk) Win vs Insaniti]
**** Insaniti was the other Robojackets beetleweight vertical spinner. Michael gave commentary =P
**** (Description of fight)
**Robojacket Rumble
***[(Video Link)]
**** Camped in a corner so technically it survived. Only suffered hit was a Blasphemi projectile launched at us. Both bots survived but our weapon shaft got very slightly bent.

== Version ==

=== Singulariti V1.0 ===

Created by: Michael Chen (mentor), Joe Baldino, Stephen Britten, Casper Corbin, Kaden Knudsen, Sophia Lin, Patrick Villarreal, Michelle Zhang, Peter Zhang

{| border="1" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" style="width: 500px;"
|-
| Drive Motors
| Tunigy Aerodrive 2826 Brushless Motors (1 per side) 
|-
| Drive Motor Controllers
| Twisted Hobbies 18A Reversible Brushless ESC
|-
| Weapon Motor
| Propdrive 2826 Brushless Motor
|-
| Weapon Motor Controllers
| Hobbyking 20A Brushless ESC
|-
| Receiver
| OrangeRx R610V2 Lite DSM2 Reciever 
|-
| Remote Control
| Spektrum DX9 Black Edition 
|-
| Battery
| 3s 1000mah battery provided by RoboJackets
|-
|}

==== Design Summary ====

* Weapon
** Vertical spinner - egg beater
* Chasis
** 4WD optimized chassis made of waterjet aluminum
* Drive
** Timing belt driven brushless 4 wheel drive

==== Positives ====

Good weapon power and weapon bite, was able to do damage quickly 
Drive speed is fast 
The steering rate is fast 
The structure did not take damage after all fights 
Wedgelet setup was able to get under the opponents 

==== Issues ====

* Issues with the weapon pulley slipping because the teeth on the pulley stripped due to load and friction
* Several electronic issues with wires breaking from repeated bending
* Ears kept falling off due to adhesive not being strong enough
* Weapon belt detaching after spinup from the weapon pulley

==== Changes to make ====

Stronger pulleys for drive (nylon) with taller sides and thin heat insert fit 
Correct belt length for front (56t) (order more belts in general) 
Higher weapon pulley walls 
Magnets/magnet holders for steel floors 
Screws to mount ears 
Stronger main power wire 
Top plate correct spacing to prevent holes breaking and make out of nylon 
Motor cage thicker (flex less) 
Diagonal battery tray 
Stick with the long forks 
Fail safe capable receiver (look at what brand the one we have rn is) 
Increase 3D printed back armour thickness 
Integrated ears on inner side plate 

== Gallery ==
[[link=https://cdn.discordapp.com/attachments/903729754014908487/946932873292828692/BCD3D23F-D85D-4844-AFFE-9053F45587DD.jpg]]

== Notes: ==

Naming Inspiration: sounded kinda cool 

Laser engraved logo on the side of our bot
[[Category:BattleBots]] [[Category:BeetleWeights]]

List of 3lb Robots

2022-02-26T00:53:40Z

Mchen436: /* Vertical Bar Spinners */

= Drum Spinners =

==== 2020-2021 ====
*[[Humpti]]
*[[Varsiti]]

==== 2019-2020 ====
*[[Barbi]]

==== 2018-2019 ====
*[[Crispi]]
*[[Entropi]]
*[[Furi]]
*[[Groovi]]

==== 2017-2018 ====
*[[I]]

==== 2016-2017 ====
*[[Snuti]]
*[[Radii]]

==== 2015-2016 ====
*[[Emmii]]
*[[Misti]]

==== 2014-2015 ====
*[[Emmi]]

= Horizontal Bar Spinners =

==== 2020-2021 ====
*[[Guillotini]]

==== 2019-2020 ====
*[[Hibachi]]
*[[Perri]]

==== 2018-2019 ====
*[[Dadi]]

==== 2017-2018 ====
*[[Chewi]]
*[[Loki]]

==== 2015-2016 ====
* None :(

==== 2014-2015 ====
*[[Vicki]]

= Vertical Bar Spinners =

==== 2021-2022 ====
*[[Singulariti]]
*[[Insaniti]]

==== 2020-2021 ====
*[[Largetoni]]
*[[Roombi]]

==== 2019-2020 ====
*[[Huski]]
*[[Spooki]]

==== 2018-2019 ====
*[[Doori]]
*[[(un)Lucki]]

==== 2017-2018 ====
*[[Esci]]
*[[Grizzli]]

==== 2016-2017 ====
*[[Dat_Boi]]

= Ring/Shell Spinners =

==== 2020-2021 ====
*[[Dizzi]]
*[[Wonki]]

==== 2019-2020 ====
*[[Sauci]]
*[[Spinni-Boi]]

==== 2018-2019 ====
*[[WakiSmaki]]

==== 2017-2018 ====
*[[Personal Injuri]]

==== 2016-2017 ====
*[[Qti]]

==== 2015-2016 ====
*[[Sandi]]
*[[Shelli]]

==== 2014-2015 ====
*[[Smitti Werbenjagermanjensen]]

= Miscellaneous Bots =

==== 2017-2018 ====
*[https://hkim702.blogspot.com/2018/02/dynastinai.html Dynastinai]

==== 2014-2015 ====
*[[Group 5]]
*[[Flippi/MrWedge]]

= Graveyard of Bots with no Documentation =

==== 2016-2017 ====
*Schwifti
*Standi

==== 2015-2016 ====
*Ami
*Ghoti
*Flipboi

[[Category: BeetleWeights]]

Singulariti

2022-02-26T00:44:39Z

Mchen436:

Singulariti

2022-02-26T00:42:43Z

Mchen436:

Singulariti

2022-02-26T00:34:06Z

Mchen436:

Singulariti

2022-02-26T00:17:41Z

Mchen436: Created page with "{| class="wikitable" align="right" |- ! scope="row" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFFF99" | Singulariti |- ! scope="row" colspan="2" | [[]] |- ! scope="row" style="text..."